小时候在大陆内地夏天痴迷于无数不同颜色和图案的蜻蜓与豆娘,以及更加复杂的伪蜻蜓和臭蜓,这些都有迷人的四片翅膀,但是身体形状不同,颜色赤橙黄绿青蓝紫无限过度,还有白色与黑色半白与半黑、翅膀上的花斑各异,宽度不同。有些豆娘可以远离水体而生活于高山之上跟山岭之间,更有巨大的蜻蜓翻山越岭长途跋涉,甚至铺天蔽日集体行军。
几乎每一个山涧水体都有独特的昆虫与蜻蜓,与之相关的是各种色泽相异的水面昆虫和螃蟹虾米,超级强壮的龙虱可以像巨大的知了那样烤来吃,味道远比螃蟹虾米香甜。天牛的幼虫也很肥胖,但是几乎没有人去吃,捉它们是为了保护大树,同时用来犒赏鸡鸭。水天牛有着天牛体型和草蛉虫的翅膀,牛魔王一般的嘴巴凶猛异常,没人敢抓,后来几乎灭绝,甚至查不到它的昆虫学的信息。
暑假我们一伙小朋友常常会偷偷携带面包馒头和糖果,离开父母的军工基地翻山越野好几里地走向山民村落,目的不是探险一个溪流的源头就是收集奇异蜻蜓品种,抑或计划弄清楚山里的石蒜花到底有多少颜色跟种类,看看是不是将来能出一本用石蒜标本组成的植物分类巨著,或者,查证山脉的远方到底有没有大城市。每次都最终因为遇见山民养的看家而拼命往回跑。无形中认识了许多花鸟虫鱼螃蟹虾米,品尝了各种野果,偷吃过山民的李子桃子莲藕萝卜和板栗,甚至偶尔一两次偷砍农民的甜高粱和玉米甘蔗,还跟农村学生一起在地头挖坑生火烤青豆荚跟绿麦穗来吃。
最难忘的是一种铺地革质厚叶的优美藤本植物所结的无花果,需要在一大片山坡上仔细寻找,一旦找到美味异常,其浓郁香气和风味远非买来的真正无花果可比。以至于儿时的一个梦想是把那种美丽藤本植物种到黄河两岸维护河堤和生产出满世界的那种无名野果来吃。
最近看到一个油管讲述蜻蜓与豆娘的视频https://youtu.be/lLGtJK699CI https://youtu.be/lLGtJK699CI, 不禁回想起儿时对它们的探索经历。
......
时间一晃,已在北美居住二十年,对美国的山川河流也有了一定的探索体会,尤其是自然哲学家梭罗的足迹踏过的地区。
美洲近几十年来制造业不行,农产和水果却一直实力雄厚,美洲超市与国内超市显著的不同就是在水果的繁多种类和傲人规模上。普通美国人叫不出几个其他国家首都的名字和国家位置,然而一说起苹果,梨,柑橘柠檬,李子,葡萄等水果的品种名称,则个个知道一长串令中国人晕头转向的水果名称。
美洲的苹果种类不是十几个几十个几百个,而是之前提到过的7500种。有一回去美国葡萄园,听到介绍说美洲有超过一千种酿酒葡萄品种时吃了一惊,一查资料,全球有超过一万种葡萄,美洲商业种植的葡萄种类广泛,分别有用于酿酒葡萄Wine grapes,新鲜水果葡萄Table grapes,葡萄干用葡萄Raisin grapes,果汁用葡萄Juice (non-alcoholic)
,果酱用葡萄Jelly/Jams grapes 和专门进行葡萄园嫁接砧木用的Rootstock葡萄这些大类。即使普通人觉得名称和种类不会太复杂的柑橘类,美洲也有超过四百个品种,包括近年炒作甚猛,如果没吃过或者不知道你就out了的著名健康水果手指橘柠caviar lime。
不过,最具美国本土人气的水果却不是以上这些美国人几乎天天都吃的水果,而是几年前中国人还不大熟悉的美洲越橘类水果baccinium,美国农场把这一类本土浆果当做农作物而不是果树进行生产种植,其中最大宗的是国内叫它小红莓的蔓越橘cranberry和蓝莓blueberry,后者是中国近年广为兴起的健康水果。
越橘类主要包括cranberry, blueberry, bilberry (whortleberry), lingonberry (cowberry), 和 huckleberry等十几种红色,粉红,蓝色,白色不同品种的杜鹃花科食用浆果,这些浆果名称美国人一看就知道是什么浆果,中文里面却根本无法翻译和明确区分,几乎每一种都只能翻译成越橘,蓝莓或者红莓,不过,最后那个叫做huckleberry的红色越橘果在中文里久负盛名,它就是马克吐温名著中跟《汤姆索亚历险记The Adventures of Tom Sawyer》齐名的《哈克贝里.芬历险记 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn》里的野男孩哈克贝里.芬名字由来的野红莓,如果将马克吐温这部作品名称的中文含意直译成《野果费恩》,相信读者立刻就能够理解为什么近乎三毛流浪记里的三毛那样的小说主人公哈克贝里.芬身世坎坷如野生一般和所经历的流浪生活充满十八世纪美国种族主义严酷现实的历险了,也容易理解欧美文学界为什么一直对这部名著爱恨交加毁誉不断以至于作者生前不得不一次次解释写作它和采用白人历险男孩野果费恩嘴里对黑人收养者一口一个当时流行的“黑鬼”称呼的原因。
回到越橘主题,小红莓cranberry的名气出自美国感恩节家家必吃的小红莓酱甜点和cranberry果酱果干跟果汁饮料,近年来白色的cranberry果汁因为有着雪利酒的那种淡淡的桃红色和更加柔和的口味而更受欢迎。不过,它的泡沫塑料结构令小红莓几乎无法直接拿来新鲜食用,因而大大限制了超市销售鲜果,除了非常传统的美国人家会购买那种99分一袋的新鲜小红莓进行费事费力的加工烹调之外,普通人只愿购买商业化加工罐头和饮料制品,这或许是中国没有这种水果的种植和销售的原因。与之对比,平常像葡萄和黑莓那样当做水果的蓝莓在美国和全球的种植规模最大,也非常为中国消费者喜爱。
藍莓狭义上指的是一群原产美洲的越橘屬越橘亚属青液果组(学名:Cyanococcus,它们与中国黑龙江原产的笃斯蓝莓不是一个组,前者成簇结果种系庞大,后者由于单花结果,产量无法抗衡青液果组的蓝莓基本局限于黑龙江省种植,不少外形奇特的其它蓝莓品种,如手指蓝莓,吊钟蓝莓也是因为单花结果而很少为人们熟悉和品尝)的浆果植物,广义上可以包括越橘屬中长有蓝色浆果的所有物种。
歐美還有一種叫做紫莓的漿果,英文名稱有十幾種,因此反而沒有人知道,由於六月成熟,簡單說就叫六月果Juneberry,以前跟一幫歐洲同事一起摘著吃,離開那家大學之後一直難忘那樣的日子。除了顏色紅紫色,紫莓Juneberry成熟后跟藍莓很難區分,口感也很相像,但是紫莓更加溫潤和清香。這種水果在美國廣為種植,然而只做觀賞沒有商業消費,在歐洲和加拿大則有專門的種植果園。有趣的是,它其實跟藍莓沒有親緣關係,跟蘋果海棠卻是親緣很近的水果。我經常拿個大紙袋採集半公斤一公斤回來吃,冰箱里現在還有一盒,就為那溫潤無比的滋味和親切到無法形容的香味。
顶级蓝莓酱采用的是小如黑胡椒粒的美洲野生深蓝色蓝莓,这种蓝莓以含有广为证实的防止老年痴呆症,防视力下降和抗癌与心血管疾病的强抗氧化成分而名声鹊起。有一年在山里度假,划船时看到整个岩石湖岸密布着一样颜色的矮树丛,水中是十分喜欢咬钩的太阳鱼和一种五分钱硬币大小的透明水母跟莼菜与睡莲,环境相当干净和独特,靠岸细看后才看出来那些岩石中的矮树丛是长有特别深蓝色细小蓝莓的野生蓝莓树林,略为发干它们可能是最深蓝的水果,以至于貌似嵌在绿叶中的某种蓝黑矿石。后来在某大学森林系的种植园见到带有标牌的这种蓝莓,摘下来品尝感觉甜酸都像颜色那样比商业蓝莓浓缩加倍了不少。美国农场果园里的蓝莓自然远大过野生蓝莓,根据种植品种,农场蓝莓果实颜色不仅有各种各样的蓝色,还有黑色紫色粉红色和白色的蓝莓,果实直径大的可达两厘米以上,它们都有一层果蜡覆盖在果实外面,在果树上给人以特别温润和诗意的感觉。
种植蓝莓又分高丛品种,中丛品种和矮丛蓝莓等,每一类还分南方种类北方种类和大中小果种类,各组里面又细分不同种植品种。它们也像葡萄那样分成鲜果、果酱、饮料、果干等不同种植品种,甚至有专门的园艺观赏蓝莓品种。就跟蓝莓果实温润如玉布满白霜的动人外表一样,蓝莓树性情温和叶色葱绿宜人,远比樱桃,葡萄,黑莓,鹅莓,苹果,李子要容易管理和招人喜爱,它们干净美观,四季优雅安静。蓝莓在春季密集开出温润白色如风铃草那样的铃铛花朵,美洲熊蜂和蜜蜂随之为它们授粉,随后结成一串串浅绿肥硕的果实,然后就是果实愈发柔美沉甸和美,收获期又显著长过其它水果,在采摘结束的秋末蓝莓树的叶子还会像枫叶那样由葱绿变成浅红,深红和紫红,直到落叶,留下一树遒劲蜿蜒的俊美枝干。
近年似乎美国蜜蜂出了问题,蜜蜂越来越少见,只有笨拙而执着的几个熊蜂在为蓝莓授粉,但却丝毫没有影响蓝莓结果率,原因应该与初夏风多有关,蓝莓的高产也因为它属于一半昆虫授粉一半风力授粉的果树。
家里前院有一个小小的北高丛蓝莓园,树龄已经超过二十年,个头一直保持修剪成一人多高。它们虽然结果很多,却早就属于老树蓝莓,女儿小时候每年夏天家里开爬笹时会请小朋友比赛摘着吃。蓝莓绿色时很酸,可以摘下来捣碎调出很好吃的色拉,成熟后平时摘来生吃或者放到水果色拉里头。大大小小的鸟儿都喜欢吃蓝莓,小孩上中学之后这些蓝莓就完全用来犒劳鸟儿了,毕竟超市蓝莓吃起来要方便许多。蓝莓与葡萄那样成串同时成熟不同,果串里面的果实次第成熟,红蓝绿参杂,但是先成熟的大蓝莓可以等待后成熟的蓝莓一起采摘,那时候就是整串整串的蓝色果实。只是不用网罩保护的话它们会被鸟儿提前采摘,这些蓝莓树由于位于前院,不宜布置防鸟网而成为观赏红山雀,罗宾鸟,货币鸟,野鸽子跟几种啄木鸟的好地方,坐在车库里的皮椅或者车道边上的秋千椅子上就可以偷看鸟儿吃蓝莓,罗宾鸟年年在旁边的绿巨人长青树上做窝,它们把自己当做蓝莓树的主人,动不动就驱逐其它吃蓝莓的鸟儿。
去年疫情到来,在家空闲时间多了一些,开始重新打理这片蓝莓树,把它们修枝截矮。这个春季本打算继续截矮,阅读《湖边漫步》作者索罗的山林行走散文日记《Journal》里面对美国本土野果越橘类的描述,尤其是那段 "每当我像现在这样攀缘这里的小山,那些令枝头沉坠的野红莓和蓝莓果实都令我和它们仿佛置身于希腊众神的奥林匹斯山谷或者天堂果园之中,你不会一下子产生身在众神之光山谷的感觉,只在吃了这些美味浆果之后发觉此时此刻你就是上帝。When I see, as now, in climbing one of our hills, huckleberry and blueberry bushes bent to the ground with fruit, I think of them as fruits fit to grow on the most Olympian or heaven-pointing hills. It does not occur to you at first that where such thoughts are suggested is Mount Olympus, and that you who taste these berries are a god," (Journal, ed. by B. Torrey, 1837-1846, 1850-Nov. 3, 1861作者:Henry David Thoreau) 之后,对蓝莓的感觉尤其亲切。
查资料后得知北美土壤偏酸,特别适合越橘类浆果种植,而且越橘类曾经是美国历史上最主要的种植作物。于是冒出扩大蓝莓园的想法,不再截短蓝莓树,而是改成空中压枝生根,拿泥炭藓活性土的锡纸包包裹了四十个枝条直径筷子到大拇指粗的空中压枝的银色生根圆球,用于克隆四十株新的蓝莓树。同时购买了一批北方瑞卡Reka大果蓝莓,北方蓝作物Bluecrop中果蓝莓和叶子更密更绿果实高产的钱皮娃Chippewa蓝莓,在后院葡萄架跟黑莓架的一侧开辟了一个容纳六十来棵高丛蓝莓树的越橘果园,今年就可以享受她的甜美果实。
诗之。
越 橘 果 园
汤安
这儿是青鸟和一切鸣禽的伊甸园
与黄水仙为邻,由葡萄樱桃看守
紫藤花絮语着风铃草
杜鹃跟缠绵的禾苗泄密
这儿上演着的潘狄亚歌舞剧
远早过亚当夏娃的游戏集
从月亮洒下的露水
漫延着塞勒涅与宙斯蜜语
维纳斯与谷神在此恋爱
珠圆玉润,奕奕生辉
他们款待每一位歌手
在潘狄亚的蓝莓园中
Here is the Eden of all singing birds,
Next to daffodils watched by cherries and grapes;
Wisteria whispers to windbells
While cuckoos and tender crops whisper secrets.
Here Pandy's plays are staged, long ago
Adam and Eve's games left behind.
Moon-dews cascade
Embracing Ceres and Zeus's honeyed words.
Venus and Sylvanus fall in love
Radiant and lustrous
They welcome every minstrel as their guest
In the blueberry garden of Panthia.
注释
潘狄亚,古希腊神话中月神有多位。最正统和最主要的月亮女神是塞勒涅,她源自古希腊对天体月亮的崇拜,是天堂宁静的守护神。满月女神潘狄亚是塞勒涅与众神之神宙斯的女儿,象征月亮引发的露水,也象征满月。狩猎女神阿提蜜斯(阿尔忒弥斯),亦曾在她在古典晚期做客月亮,期间短暂客串过月亮之神。
谷神,东方掌管万物生息之神。老子《道德经》第六章:[谷神不死,是谓玄牝。 玄牝之门,是谓天地根。緜緜若存,用之不勤]。高亨引河上公注:“谷,养也。” 诠释了谷神与天地万物关联。老子以谷神喻道,成为道生一的另一种称谓。牝,原意雌性,或母性。牝玄有人解释为玄妙或者微妙。道德经文中还有“玄德”说法,指的是道所具有的品德,宇宙间最高的道德品质,是芸芸万物最高远、最幽深的道德品质。因此可知“玄牝”也是道的称谓。
水谷养人,古人称农神为稷。“谷神”司掌万物生息,道生养天地万物,所以当老子以道喻神,“谷神”承之。道生万物,天地慈怀,再也没比有道更伟大宽广的胸怀了,所以老子以“玄牝”称之。回到道德经第六章的字意,其主旨是阐述的文字主要是道的特质:[万物的生养之神永恒存在,最大的道犹如天地万物的母亲,总与生息同在,似虚似实,若有若无,其慷慨慈祥有如日月释放出的不尽光芒]。
越橘浆果 Vaccinium is a common and widespread genus of shrubs or dwarf shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae). The fruits of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry (whortleberry), lingonberry (cowberry), and huckleberry. Like many other ericaceous plants, they are generally restricted to acidic soils.
Vaccinium | |
---|---|
Vaccinium berries, from top left clockwise: Red huckleberries, cranberries, lingonberries and blueberries |
THOREAU'S `KALENDAR' OF CONCORD
STEVE GRANTTHE HARTFORD COURANT
WILD FRUITS
By Henry David Thoreau, edited by Bradley P. Dean, W.W. Norton, $29.95, 409 pp.
Late in his sadly abbreviated life, Henry David Thoreau focused on the natural history of his native Concord, Mass.
By then a mellower man than the distorted image that endures in the public mind -- a scold, a hermit -- he spent hours each day walking or boating, observing Concord's flora and fauna, its ridges, meadows and rivers. More hours each day were spent writing.
Before he died of tuberculosis in May 1862 at age 44, he wrapped the manuscript of "Wild Fruits" in a heavy piece of paper and placed it in a wooden chest along with thousands of pages of other materials.
By the time "Wild Fruits" reached the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection at the New York Public Library 78 years later, the pages were out of order and the manuscript a confusing pile of paper, compounded by Thoreau's difficult-to-read handwriting. Scholars let it be.
Bradley P. Dean, a Thoreau scholar at the Thoreau Institute in Lincoln, Mass., took on the formidable task, however, and now, 137 years after Thoreau's death, we have "Wild Fruits." It is a draft of a piece of Thoreau's last great work, his "Kalendar" of Concord, which apparently was to be a definitive natural history of his town.
"Wild Fruits" is something of an unripe berry, but not so green that we won't have it. There are redundancies, as when Thoreau tells us several times in several pages that wild grapes smell better than they taste. In other passages, one senses Thoreau was still working on a thought.
Undoubtedly "Wild Fruits" would have ripened under his pen had he lived. "Walden," his masterpiece, was polished over and over before he let it be published.
Well, then, is "Wild Fruits" worth it? Yes. It is unfinished and unpolished, but it is genuine Thoreau, and the more we have, the better. It is at a minimum precise, descriptive nature-writing. But it is more than that, too.
In places, "Wild Fruits" continues the message of "Walden," the message of living simply and well. Living well to Thoreau, remember, had nothing to do with how that phrase is understood today. He did not mean amassing possessions.
"Let not your life be wholly without an object, though it be only to ascertain the flavor of a cranberry," Thoreau writes in "Wild Fruits," "for it will not be only the quality of an insignificant berry that you will have tasted, but the flavor of your life to that extent, and it will be such a sauce as no wealth can buy."
"Wild Fruits" is structured by the seasons. Thoreau takes us from spring through winter as each fruit ripens, beginning with the seeds of the elms in early May, to which Thoreau gracefully credits "the first deepening of the shadows in our streets." These can be read as descriptive essays, and as such they are pleasant and valuable.
But "Wild Fruits" is gospel, too. In nature, the Transcendentalists believed, one can find God, in a huckleberry, one can take communion.
"When I see, as now, in climbing one of our hills, huckleberry and blueberry bushes bent to the ground with fruit, I think of them as fruits fit to grow on the most Olympian or heaven-pointing hills. It does not occur to you at first that where such thoughts are suggested is Mount Olympus, and that you who taste these berries are a god," Thoreau writes.
Aphorisms abound, as they do in Thoreau's journal and other writings. Explaining that some fruits taste better in the wild than the home, that they must be accompanied by the chill November air to be palatable, Thoreau advises: "Let your condiments be in the condition of your senses."
Ralph Waldo Emerson said in his eulogy of Thoreau: "It seems an injury that he should leave in the midst of his broken task which none else can finish, a kind of indignity to so noble a soul that he should depart out of Nature before yet he has been really shown to his peers for what he is."
"Wild Fruits" is a contribution to that better understanding of humans.
转载
赏中西田园诗,品文化异同
“田园诗”是中国和西方共有的一种诗歌类型,指的是以田园生活为题材的诗歌。“田园诗”译成英语的时候用的是“pastoral”(“pastoral poem”),而“pastoral”译成汉语的时候既可以译成“田园诗”,又可以译成“牧歌”,可见“田园诗”和“pastoral”在定义上和事实上是有差别的,不是完全的对应词。中西文学体裁的差异归根到底来源于中西文化的差异,只有从文化差异出发,才能理解文学体裁差异的真正实质。本文在分析英国作家马洛和中国作家陶渊明田园诗的基础上,通过中西文化差异在翻译中的体现来探讨中西田园诗的若干异同点。
1
马洛的田园诗
“田园诗”(pastoral)作为欧洲文学中一种历史悠久的诗歌体裁,早在公元前三世纪就已形成,文艺复兴时期的文人用这种体裁描写牧人的理想化的田园生活,展示了对过去、对假定原来存在过而现在已经失落的和平与爱情的怀旧。英国文艺复兴时期的著名剧作家、诗人马洛(Christopher Marlowe,1564—1593)写的《热情的牧羊人致情人诗》(“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”)就是一首经典的田园诗:
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
Come, live with me, and be my love,
And we will all the pleasure prove
That valleys, groves, or hills, or field,
Or woods and steep mountains yield;
Where we will sit upon the rocks,
And see the shepherds feed our flocks
By shallow rivers, to whose falls
Melodious birds sing madrigals.
And I will make thee beds of roses,
And then a thousand fragrant posies.
A cap of flowers, and a kirtle
Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;
A gown made of the finest wool
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Slippers lined choicely for the cold,
With buckles of the purest gold.
A belt of straw and ivy-buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs;
And if these pleasures may thee move,
Come, live with me, and be my love.
Thy silver dishes for thy meat,
As precious as the gods do eat,
Shall on an ivory table be
Prepared each day for thee and me.
The shepherd swains shall dance and sing,
For thy delight, each May morning.
If these delights thy mind may move,
Then live with me, and be my love.
热情的牧羊人致情人诗
卿来作我妻,定将心欢喜。
共赏山与川,丛林和小溪。
山上相偎依,遥看羊满地;
河边瀑布旁,聆听百鸟啼。
玫瑰铺满地,与卿度佳期。
红花头上戴,绿叶作绣衣。
羊毛纤又细,为你做嫁衣;
送你金扣鞋,温暖又稀奇。
腰带当彩礼,珠宝色彩异;
若是春心动,卿来作我妻。
金盏和银器,餐饮赛上帝;
摆上象牙桌,心旷又神怡。
牧童表心意,五月歌舞起。
若是芳心动,卿来作我妻。
马洛于1564年生于坎特伯雷一个鞋匠家庭,靠奖学金的支撑念完大学。在伦敦期间,他和政治活动家罗利、剧作家查普曼、数学家哈里奥特等宗教怀疑论者结成团体,被称为“黑夜派”和无神论者。因被人告密,曾一度被捕入狱。1593年在伦敦附近的一家酒馆与两个顾客发生口角,被刺死;有人推测那两个人可能是政府的特务。他在短短的一生中写了七个剧本,也创作了一些诗歌,《热情的牧羊人致情人诗》是其中脍炙人口的一首。
这首诗在艺术特色方面是突出的。诗的形式似乎是7节四行诗(quatrain),其实是14个双行押韵诗(couplets),节奏基本上是四音步抑扬格(iambic tetrameter)。诗的韵脚为“aa,bb,cc,……nn”,并且大量运用了头韵(alliteration),28行诗中有13行使用了头韵。在朗读这首诗的时候,它的音乐感很强,具有相当强的艺术感染力。如果把这首诗改写成现代的自由诗,放弃音韵节奏仅读它的内容反而会觉得滑稽可笑。
马洛一直生活在伦敦,对农村的情况并不了解,他在颂扬农村生活的时候,以城里人的笔触来勾画出一幅脱离实际的农村风情画,未免有点不伦不类。在他的笔下,小鸟唱的是伊莉莎白时代公子哥们哼哼的流行情歌(madrigal),这东西乡间的小鸟一辈子恐怕闻所未闻;玫瑰丛组成的花床色彩鲜艳、芳香扑鼻,但是,读者不难想象睡在带刺的玫瑰上恐怕未必舒服;诗中他要赠送的草编腰带上居然缀着珊瑚和琥珀块,冬天穿着的拖鞋上佩有黄金饰品;牧羊女则可以整天无所事事、终日谈情说爱;如果真是干点活的话,不是用剪子(shears)剪羊毛,而是一根一根地从羊羔身上拔羊毛,小羊羔真要是遇到这种城里诗人笔下的牧羊人也够可怜的了!
罗利的田园诗唱和
由于马洛原诗标题里的“热情的”牧羊人其实并不热情,全诗也没有流露什么真实激情的地方,有的只是虚情假意,倒好像是一个腰缠万贯的花花公子在夸耀豪富、勾引农家女子,或者好像是一对城市小孩在玩“过家家”的游戏。不奇怪这样的公子哥若是碰上《羽林郎》中的胡姬或者碰上《陌上桑》中的罗敷一定会遭到毫不客气地反唇相讥,狠狠被奚落一顿。
说也凑巧,作品发表后,在英国果然出了几个诗人替牧羊女不平,写诗作了回答。
与马洛同时代的作家罗利(Waiter Raleigh, 1552—1618)于是写了一首《答牧羊人》(“The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd”):
The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
If all the world and love were young,
And truth in every shepherd’s tongue,
These pretty pleasures might me move
To live with thee and be thy love.
But time drives the flocks from fields to fold,
When rivers rage, and rocks grow cold,
And Philomel becometh dumb
The rest complains of cares to come.
The flowers do fade, and wanton fields
To wayward winter reckoning yields;
A honey tongues, a heart of gall,
Is fancy’s spring, but sorrow’s fall.
Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy beds of roses,
Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies,
Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten,
In folly ripe, in reason rotten.
Thy belt of straw and ivy buds,
Thy coral clasps and amber studs,
All these in me no means can move
To come to thee and be thy love.
But could youth last, and love still breed,
Had joys no date, nor age no need,
Then these delights my mind might move
To live with thee and be thy love.
答牧羊人
爱若无穷期,你若有真意,
春心自然动,我来作你妻。
朔风动地起,羊群离草地。
夜莺寂无声,悲鸟泣血啼。
花草难寻觅,寒冬显威力。
春去秋又来,虚情成假意。
金履和绣衣,花冠和床第,
自古难长久,早晚被抛弃。
腰带作彩礼,珠宝色彩异,
岂能动我心,贸然作你妻。
爱情若不移,欢乐若无期,
芳心自然动,我来作你妻。
罗利的《答牧羊人》中的村姑在第一诗节和最后一个诗节都使用了虚拟语气,表示牧羊人说的一切都是无法实现的:“If all the world and love were young … These pretty pleasures might me move ... ”,“But could youth last … Had joy no date … Then these delights my mind might move …”。随着季节的迁移,自然界不会永远是春天,赠送的礼物也会失去色彩魅力。她讥讽牧羊人只不过是在花言巧语:“A honey tongue, a heart of gall,/Is fancy’s spring, but sorrow’s fall”,所以她斩钉截铁地回答,决不会为此而堕入情网:“All these in me no means can move/To come to thee and be thy love”。
2
多恩的田园诗
多恩(John Donne,1573—1631)的《诱饵》(“The Bait”)则把牧羊人变成了渔夫,诗歌的地点从牧场转移到了海边。在金色的沙滩上,在水晶般清澈的溪流边,渔夫用丝线做钓鱼线,用白银做鱼钩,同样是虚幻的境界。玄学派诗人的玄妙之处在于,村姑坐到渔夫身边的时候,她就像鱼饵一样,吸引了鱼儿,更吸引了渔夫:
The Bait
Come live with me, and be my love,
And we will some new pleasures prove
Of golden sands, and crystal brooks,
With silken lines, and silver hooks.
There will the river whispering run
Warm’d by thy eyes, more than the sun.
And there the enamoured fish will stay,
Begging themselves they may betray.
When thou wilt swim in that live bath,
Each fish, which every channel hath,
Will amorously to thee swim,
Gladder to catch thee, than thou him.
If thou, to be seen, beest loath,
By sun, or moon, thou dark’nest both,
And if myself have leave to see,
I need not their light, having thee.
Let others freeze with angling reeds,
And cut their legs, with shells and weeds,
Or treacherously poor fish beset,
With strangling snare, or windowie net
Let coarse bold hands, from slimy nest
The bedded fish in banks out-wrest,
Or curious traitors, sleevesilk flies
Bewitch poor fishes’ wandering eyes.
For thee, thou need’st no such deceit,
For thou thy self art thine own bait,
That fish, that is not catch’d thereby,
Alas, is wiser far than I.
诱饵
卿来作我妻,定将添新喜。
共坐金沙滩,垂钓两相依。
卿卿望小溪,流水情依依。
鱼儿入情网,难舍又难离。
卿卿水中戏,鱼儿情相系。
结伴同戏水,一心抓到你。
日月见到你,暗淡无踪迹。
卿卿在眼前,光辉映大地。
渔夫站河堤,垂钓费心计,
张网设圈套,待鱼来投器。
渔夫河边立,伺机把网起;
钓鱼用鱼饵,上钩起涟漪。
卿卿把我迷,无需施巧计;
鱼儿不上钩,比我更难欺。
诗人的奇妙构思令人赞叹,但是读者毕竟还是认为这样的境界离开现实太远,可望而不可及。欧洲的田园诗是在欧洲的文化背景下产生的,古希腊和古罗马的尚古主义者通常认为,人类历史上最古老的时代才是是最幸福的时代;后来,受到基督教文化的影响,中世纪和文艺复兴时期的作家认为人类在失去伊甸园以前的日子是最幸福的日子。他们于是都在田园诗中表达了对史前纯朴世界和爱情牧歌的向往追求。
3
陶渊明的田园诗
中国田园诗的传统可以追溯到公元前十一世纪到公元前六世纪的《诗经》以及其它农事歌谣,《诗经》中的“七月”“甫田”“良耜”“大田”等诗篇里都有田园农事内容。但是,中国田园诗真正的奠基人是东晋时期的诗人陶渊明。
陶渊明(Tao Yuanming,365—427)又名潜,字元亮,谥号靖节先生,寻阳柴桑(今江西省九江市西南)人。他出生在一个没落的官僚地主家庭,曾祖父陶侃曾任东晋大司马,祖父做过太守,父亲在他八岁的时候死去,家道一路衰落,陶渊明因此从小就过着比较贫困的生活。他的青少年时代是在寻阳柴桑农家度过的,童年的农村生活给他留下了深刻的印象。
他早年抱负远大,但是,当时正是一个内忧外患、祸乱不已的时代,理想与现实发生激烈的冲突。他曾几度出仕,担任过祭酒、参军之类的小官,事业和生活一直不如意。仕途的坎坷使他发现官宦生涯有违自己无拘无束田园牧歌的夙愿,于是,在四十一岁的时候毅然走上了归园田居的道路,回到了大自然的怀抱。在他回归躬耕田园的岁月里,以田园生活为题材进行大量的诗歌创作,用极大的热情歌颂田园生活。生活的拮据令他表面飘逸潇洒,内心却无法不是十分苦闷,时常流露出愤慨与不平。
陶渊明的诗作大体可以分为咏怀、田园和哲理三大类,属于田园诗的大约有三十余首。他的田园诗作,如《归园田居》五首、《饮酒》其五、《和郭主簿》二首、《移居》二首、《读山海经》其一、《癸卯岁始春怀古田舍》二首、《庚戌岁九月中于西田获早稻》等,虽然数量不多,却真实地反映了他的农耕生活,因为他亲自参加了农业生产劳动,平淡恬静的乡村田园在他的笔下充满了生机,内心的无限喜悦在歌咏一草一木中得到了充分的体现,情、景、理融为一体。这些作品成为中国田园诗的奠基石,开创了中国古典诗歌的一个重要流派。
对于中文读者来说,陶渊明的田园诗显得格外朴实和亲切。宋代词人辛弃疾说他“千载后,百篇存,更无一字不清真”,金人元好问赞美陶诗“一语天然万古新,豪华落尽见真诚”,这种评论对于陶渊明来说是当之无愧的。他的《饮酒》(“Drinking Wine”)诗二十首的第五句就是一个典型的例子,这是陶诗中最有名、流传最广的一首诗:
My house is built amid the world of men,
Yet little sound and fury do I ken.
To tell you how on earth I can keep blind,
Any place is calm for a peaceful mind.
I pluck hedge-side chrysanthemums with pleasure
And see the tranquil Southern Mount in leisure.
The evening haze enshrouds it in fine weather
While flocks of birds are flying home together.
The view provides some veritable truth,
But my defining words seem to me uncouth.
结庐在人境,而无车马喧。
问君何能尔?心远地自偏。
采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。
山气日夕佳,飞鸟相与还。
此中有真意,欲辨已忘言。
《饮酒》诗共二十首,是他在五十三岁、思想和艺术都已成熟时的作品。第五首写的是他在和谐宁静的环境中,过着悠然自得的隐居生活,体悟自然的乐趣和人生的真谛。诗的开头四句就说,他的住所虽然建造在人来人往的环境中,却听不到车马的喧闹,表示他不像一般隐士那样隐居山林、完全超尘出世,他生活在村夫野老之中,却又能不染世俗之事,不用与达官显贵来往。他之所以能做到这一点是因为他“心远地自偏”,从内心摆脱了对名利的竞逐,潜心追求人与自然的和谐。诗人在接下来的四句中描写自己在庭院里悠闲自得地采摘菊花,偶然间抬起头来,就可以看到对面的南山,看到在夕阳西下之际若有若无的雾气和匆忙结伴归巢的群群飞鸟。鸟倦飞而知还,芸芸众生如飞鸟般莫名其妙地一生奔波,最终还是要寻求一个归宿,而自己则来到了“东篱下”,在幽静的山林里找到了自己的归宿。所以诗人最后说,他从大自然得到启示、领悟到人生的真谛,这种真谛只可意会、不可言传。陶渊明达到了这种境界,所以才会如此悠然自得、陶然自乐。
他的《归园田居》(“Back to Country Life”)五首中的第一首也有异曲同工之妙。陶渊明在四十一岁(公元405年)时到江西彭泽任县令,不过八十余天就声称不愿为五斗米而折腰,辞官归田,从此结束了时隐时仕的生活。这首诗是他在归园田居后不久写的,写得清新、自然、纯朴,描写了田园风光的美好和田园生活的爱,抒发了他在重返田园时的新鲜感受和喜悦心情:
I’ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy
While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.
By mistake I sought mundane careers
And got entrapped in them for thirty years.
Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills;
Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing spills.
So I reclaim the land in southern fields
To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields.
My farm contains a dozen mu of ground;
My cottage has eight or nine rooms around.
The elm and willow cover backside eaves
While peach and plum trees shade my yard with leave.
The distant village dimly looms somewhere,
With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air.
In silent country lanes a stray dog barks;
Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks.
My house escapes from worldly moil or gloom
While ease and quiet permeate my private room.
When I escape from bitter strife with men,
I live a free and easy life again.
少无适俗韵,性本爱丘山。
误落尘网中,一去三十年。
羁鸟恋旧林,池鱼思故渊。
开荒南野际,守拙归园田。
方宅十余亩,草屋八九间。
榆柳阴后檐,桃李罗堂前。
暧暖远人村,依依墟里烟。
狗吠深巷中,鸡鸣桑树巅。
户庭无尘杂,虚室有余闲。
久在樊笼里,复得返自然。
这首诗自述离开仕途、归居田园是符合本性的,因为他自小就没有投合世俗的性情,生来本性热爱山丘自然。谁知竟然误入仕途的罗网达十三年之久,像笼中之鸟和池中之鱼一样受到约束。鱼鸟尚且眷恋旧林和故渊,他怎么能够不怀念自己的家乡故土呢?于是他回到自己的田园,开荒种地,始终保持着自己质朴的本性。周围的景物是那样地平凡:土地、草房、榆柳、桃李、村庄、炊烟、犬吠、鸡鸣,这一切无不体现着天然之美,散发着浓郁的乡土气息,跟诗人想象中的桃花源境界何其相似乃尔!跟老子所描述的“鸡犬之声相闻,老死不相往来”的“小国寡民”的理想社会简直毫无二致。他居于乡间,远离世俗的尘嚣,心情如此地安闲,可以按照自己的意愿生活了。诗人已经脱离了世俗的羁绊,重新回到了渴望已久的大自然,过起了顺应天性的生活。
又如《读山海经》(“Reading The Book of Mountains and Seas”)第一首也是一首著名的田园诗。《山海经》是一部记述古代神话传说和海内外名山大川、草木禽兽的书籍,陶渊明读《山海经》后共吟诗13首,第一首具有诗序的性质,写诗人在田园居舍的幽静以及在耕作闲暇之际泛览图书的乐趣:
In early summer, grass and trees grow tall,
With profuse foliage sheltering the hall.
The flocks of birds have fondest place to rest
While I love my cozy house the best.
When I have ploughed the field and sown the seed,
I, now and then, find time to write and read.
There are no deep ruts in the humble lane,
Where carriages will turn away with disdain.
Alone I taste the new spring wine in leisure
And pluck my garden vegetables with pleasure.
When gentle showers from the east draw near,
Then now a pleasant breeze approaches here.
On such occasions, I leaf through King of Zhou,
And Maps of Hills and Seas of long ago.
Since I can tour the whole world at a glance,
What can be better pastime than this chance?
孟夏草木长,绕屋树扶疏。
众鸟欣有托,吾亦爱吾庐。
既耕亦已种,时还读我书。
穷巷隔深辙,颇回故人车。
欢然酌春酒,摘我园中蔬。
微雨从东来,好风与之俱。
泛览周王传,流观山海图。
俯仰终宇宙,不乐复何如!
诗的前四句首先描写了四月夏初时节诗人田舍周围的景象。草木竞相生长,枝叶繁茂,群鸟乐于来此筑巢,诗人自然也喜欢他的田舍。第二个四句写诗人的耕读之趣,在耕作之余偷闲读书,因为他居住在穷乡僻壤,已经跟上层的达官贵人断绝了往来。第三个四句写诗人在田舍独酌春酒,品尝菜园中的新鲜蔬菜,微风细雨更增添了乐趣。最后四句写诗人在品酒之后浏览《穆天子传》、欣赏《山海经》图,仿佛在顷刻之间遨游天地,真是其乐无穷。陶渊明的田园诗体现出一种平淡自然的美,在平和之中享受人生,忘却了世间的烦恼。
(本文选自“汪榕培典籍英译”微信公号)
Cold iron
Rudyard Kipling
Gold is for the mistress — silver for the maid —
Copper for the craftsman cunning at his trade.
"Good!" said the Baron, sitting in his hall,
"But Iron — Cold Iron — is master of them all."
So he made rebellion 'gainst the King his liege,
Camped before his citadel and summoned it to siege.
"Nay!" said the cannoneer on the castle wall,
"But Iron — Cold Iron — shall be master of you all!"
Woe for the Baron and his knights so strong,
When the cruel cannon-balls laid 'em all along;
He was taken prisoner, he was cast in thrall,
And Iron — Cold Iron — was master of it all!
Yet his King spake kindly (ah, how kind a Lord!)
"What if I release thee now and give thee back thy sword?"
"Nay!" said the Baron, "mock not at my fall,
For Iron — Cold Iron — is master of men all."
Tears are for the craven, prayers are for the clown —
Halters for the silly neck that cannot keep a crown.
"As my loss is grievous, so my hope is small,
For Iron — Cold Iron — must be master of men all!"
Yet his King made answer (few such Kings there be!)
"Here is Bread and here is Wine — sit and sup with me.
Eat and drink in Mary's Name, the whiles I do recall
How Iron — Cold Iron — can be master of men all!"
He took the Wine and blessed it. He blessed and brake the Bread,
With His own Hands He served Them, and presently He said:
"See! These Hands they pierced with nails, outside My city wall,
Show Iron — Cold Iron — to be master of men all."
"Wounds are for the desperate, blows are for the strong.
Balm and oil for weary hearts all cut and bruised with wrong.
I forgive thy treason — I redeem thy fall —
For Iron — Cold Iron — must be master of men all!"
Crowns are for the valiant — sceptres for the bold!
Thrones and powers for mighty men who dare to take and hold.
"Nay!" said the Baron, kneeling in his hall,
"But Iron — Cold Iron — is master of men all!
Iron out of Calvary is master of men all!"